Cloning an object in Javascript means creating a new object that has the same properties and values as the original one, but not the same reference.

Object Destructuting in Javascript is an ES2015 (ES6) feature that extract properties from an object or array and bind them to variables.

Directives in Angular are a way to extend HTML by attaching custom behaviours to DOM elements or creating new HTML elements. With directives you can manipulate DOM elements, apply CSS styles, handle user input and much more.